| SCIENTIFIC PORTAL FOR ALL USERS INTERESTED IN GRAPTOLITES AND PTEROBRANCHS |
| Rhabdopleuroidea | Cephalodiscoidea | Crustoidea | Camaroidea | Tuboidea | Graptolithoidea | Stolonoidea | Dithecoidea | |
| What Are Graptolites? For many years it was believed that the graptolites are an extinct group of colonial marine invertebrates that lived during Paleozoic Era, from the Middle Cambrian to the Middle Carboniferous, or even Permian. However, Professor Noel P. Dilly suggested in 1993 that the Recent pterobranch hemichordate Cephalodiscus graptolitoides is probably classifiable as a living graptolite. It is important to note that in the past, a similar conclusion was made by an eminent zoologist, Professor Vladimir N. Beklemishev (1890- -1962), author of the famous "Principles of Comparative Anatomy of Invertebrates". He proposed the class Graptolithoidea... >>> ________________________________________ |
| Epigraptus sp. (Tuboidea). Ordovician erratic boulder from Poland. SEM micrograph of an incomplete rhabdosome composed of four autothecae and thecorhiza. |
Back-Scattered Electron Microscopy (BSEM) -
a tool for the study of graptolites
The 1970' saw the aplication of the scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) to graptolite studies. First SEM studies of
graptolitic material were published in Poland by R. Kozłowski
(1971) and in Great Britain by B. Rickards et. al. (1971). The
conventional mode of SEM use is an invaluable tool... >>>
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a tool for the study of graptolites
The 1970' saw the aplication of the scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) to graptolite studies. First SEM studies of
graptolitic material were published in Poland by R. Kozłowski
(1971) and in Great Britain by B. Rickards et. al. (1971). The
conventional mode of SEM use is an invaluable tool... >>>
________________________________________
| Phylogenetic relationships among benthic graptolites Since the classic work of Kozłowski (1949), the phylogenetic relationships among primitive (i.e. non-graptoloid) benthic orders of the Graptolithoidea have only rarely been discussed (e.g. Skevington 1963; Obut 1964; Kozłowski, 1962, 1966; Bulman 1968; Mierzejewski 1985; Urbanek 1986); Chapman et al. 1996). Bulman (1968, 1970) accepted the validity of only five orders of sessile graptolites (Camaroidea, Crustoidea, Stolonoidea, ... >>> _______________________________________________ |
| Professor Roman Kozłowski (1889-1977) An eminent graptolite researcher ________________________________ |
| Selected web pages of Graptolite Net Graptolite researchers Dietmar Andres - Doctor's disseratation (1976) Bedrich Boucek (1902-19??) Oliver M.B. Bulman (1902 -1974) Alfred Eisenack (1891-1982) Edvard J.G. Holm (1853-1926) Hermann Jaeger (1929 - 1992) Roman Kozlowski (1899 -1977) - Obituary - written by Krystyna Pożaryska - Biographical note - written By M. Gonera and K. Miśkiewicz - Graptolite, pterobranch and related taxa erected by Roman Kozlowski - Taxa named in honour of Roman Kozlowski Rudolf Ruedemann (1864 -1960) Carl Wiman (1867-1944) Graptolite classification On the structure and relationships of graptolites (Kozlowski 1966) Evolution of graptolites Graptolite classification by V.N. Beklemishev (1951) - Class Graptolithoidea Graptolite classification by K. E. Kinman (1994) - Class Pterobranchea Fine structure of graptolites Back-scattered electron microscopy (BSEM) - a tool for the study of graptolites Cortical bandages in Orthograptus gracilis (Roemer) Cortical bandage-like structure in Dictyonema sp. Cortical fibrils in Recent species of Rhabdopleura Ultrastructure of the tuboid graptolite tubotheca Reticulate fabric in graptolites Verrucose fabric in graptolites Varia A giant graptolite! Lower Ordovician graptolites of North China Large sized graptolites Collagen in pterobranch skeletons Dormancy or diapause in graptolites Discoveries on graptolites by X-ray studies Evolutionary changes in graptolite larval stages (siculae) The nature and mode of the graptoloid zooid Graptolites and early vascular land plants Soft tissues in Silurian graptolites from Latvia Graptolite-bearing sites in Poland - concept of protection. In memory of Professor Roman Kozłowski Helicotubulus Mierzejewski and Kulicki, 2003, an epibiont on graptolites [Polish] Clistrocystis Kozlowski, 1959, i.e. cephalopod eggs on Mastigograptus sp. Graptolites - A Geology Song GRAPTOLITES sensu lato, i.e. Graptolithina + Pterobranchia = Graptolithoidea order Rhabdopleuroidea Beklemishev, 1951 (= Rhabdopleurida Fowler, 1892) Stolon system in Rhabdopleura compacta Classification of the Rhabdopleuroidea Discovery of the Rhabdopleuroidea in the Silurian Ultrastructure of Palaeozoic Rhabdopleuroidea Rhabdopleuran hemichordates: new fossil forms and review The discovery of Rhabdopleura (Pterobranchia) in the Jurassic of Poland Middle Cambrian pterobranchs and the Question: What is a graptolite? Diplohydra szaniawskii Mierzejewski & Kulicki, 2002 from the late Permian (Kazanian) of Barents Sea Rhabdopleura compacta (Recent) Rhabdopleura graysoni Chapman, Durman, Rickards, 1995 from the Carboniferous Rhabdoplura kozlowskii Kulicki, 1969 from the Jurassic of Poland Rhabdopleura normani (Allman) in Dietmar Andres' drawings "Rhabdopleura" obuti Durman & Sennikov, 1994 from the Middle Cambrian of Siberia Rhabdopleura sinica Chapman, Durman & Rickards, 1995 from the Ordovician of China Rhabdopleurites primaevus from Öland (Lower Ordovician) Rhabdopleuroides expectatus from the Ordovician of Poland Rhabdotubus johanssoni Bengtson and Urbanek, 1986 (Middle Cambrian) Rhabdopleura-like fossil from the Silurian of Gotland order Cephalodiscoidea Beklemishev, 1951 (= Cephalodiscida Fowler, 1892) Classificaton of the Cephalodiscoidea Larval coccon of Cephalodiscus densus Andersson, 1907 Ciliary currents in Cephalodiscus zooid Cephalodiscus from Bermuda Cephalodiscus densus Andersson from Ross Sea Cephalodiscus fumosus John, 1931 Cephalodiscus from Admiralty Bay, King George Island, West Antarctica Cephalodiscus graptolitoides Dilly, 1993 Cephalodiscus lutetianus Abrard et al., 1950 from the Eocene of France Melanostrophus fokini - a Cephalodiscus-like hemichordate Pterobranchites antiquus Kozlowski, 1949 from the upper Tremadoc of Poland Pterobranchites antiquus Kozlowski, 1949 - an aberrant graptolite? Stolonoidea Kozlowski, 1938 General remarks order Crustoidea Kozlowski, 1962 Cellurar tissue in graptoblasts Classification of the order Crustoidea Discovery of the Crustoidea in the Silurian Sicula of a crustoid graptolite? Bulmanicrusta latialata Kozlowski, 1962 (Lower Ordovician-Upper Silurian) Holmicrusta Kozlowski, 1962 Graptoblasti or graptoblasti Hormograptus Öpik, 1930 from the Ordovician of Estonia New observations on the fine structure of graptoblasts order Tuboidea Kozlowski, 1938 Tuboidea - general remarks, list of genera Tuboid graptolites from erratic boulders of Poland Siculae of the Tuboidea Camarotubus graptocamaraeformis Mierzejewski, 2001 [Polish text] Cyclograptus Spencer, 1884 Epigraptus bidens Eisenack, 1941 from the Silurian of Baltoscandia Epigraptus kozlowskii Mierzejewski, 1978 Kozlowskitubus Mierzejewski, 1978 from the Ordovician and Silurian of Poland order Camaroidea Kozlowski, 1938 Erecticamara maennili Mierzejewski, 2000 Graptocamara Kozlowski, 1949 from the upper Tremadocian of Poland Xenotheka klinostoma Eisenack, 1937 from the Ordovician of Baltoscandia Tubicamara coriacea Kozłowski, 1949 from the upper Tremadocian of Poland order Dendroidea Nicholson, 1872 Graptolodendrum mutabile n.gen. [...] an aberrant dendroid graptolite On anisograptid affiliation of 'Dictyonema' flabelliforme Airograptus Ruedemann, 1916 Callograptus indianensis Erdtmann and Adams, 1975 - the latest North American dendroid graptolite Dendrograptus grabaui Sun, 1935 from the Lower Ordovician of China Dictyonema - diagrammatic illustrations Dictyonema altayense Sennikov, 1976 fro the Silurian Dictyonema crassibasale Gurley from the Silurian of North America Dictyonema flabelliforne polonicum Tomczyk, 1962 from the Ordovician of Poland Dictyonema kozlowskii Boucek, 1957 from the Silurian of Bohemia Graptolodendrum mutabile Kozlowski, 1966 from the Ordovician erratic boulders Ophigraptus hercyniae Jaeger, 1992 from the Lower/Middle Devonian boundary in Harz, Germany Pseudodictyonema heyi Chapman, Rickards & Grayson, 1993 order Graptoloidea Lapworth, 1875 Virgular apparatus (nematularium) in Cystograptus Hundt, 1942 Affinities of Isograptus, Glossograptus, Cryptograptus, Corynoides, and allied graptolites Cucullograptus Urbanek, 1954 from the Silurian erratic boulders Cystograptus Hundt, 1942 emend. Jones & Rickards, 1967 Diplograptacea - evolution and phylogenetic classification Didymograptus fearnsidesi Sun, 1935 - Lower Ordovician of North China Diplograptus penna Hopkinson, 1869 Enigmagraptus Rickards and Wright, 2004 (Pridoli, Silurian) Lobograptus Urbanek, 1958 from the Upper Silurian Monoclimacis zawadanensis Teller, 1986 from the Upper Wenlock of Poland Neocucullograptus Urbanek, 1970 from the Upper Silurian Neolobograptus Urbanek, 1970 from the Upper Silurian Saetograptus Pribyl, 1942 order Dithecoidea Obut, 1960 General remarks order Mastigograptida Bates and Urbanek, 2002 General remarks Mastigograptus Ruedemann, 1908 - incomplete list of species Micrograptus Eisenack, 1974 from the Ordovician erratic boulders of Baltoscandia informal group Graptovermida Kozlowski, 1949 Nature of graptovermids Graptolite-like fossilis Chaunograptus confertus Boucek from the Silurian of Bohemia Chaunograptus - an enigmatic encruster from the Ordovician of U.S.A. by J.M.St. John and M.A. Wilson Diplospirograptus Ruedemann, 1925 - a green alga (Chlorophyceae) Haplograptus Ruedemann, 1933 Haplograptus canadensis Ruedemann, 1947 from the Ordovician of Canada and China Medusaegraptus sp. from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden Medusaegraptus from the Ordovician of China Melanostrophus signum Öpik from the Ordovician of Estonia Inocaulis and the graptolite order Inocaulida |
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